Sample Size Determination Is An Important Part Of Any...

Sample size determination is an important part of any research. Probable size of study should be considered, which is required to reach the study aims at the design phase. The figuring of a fitting sample size depends on a subjective decision of certain elements and occasionally crude approximate of others, and could as an outcome appear rather artificial (Whitley and Ball, 2002). Thus, there are foremost three key factors which should be taken into account in computation of a proper sample size (power and effect). The pro of utilizing a sample is that it is more commonsense and less expensive than gathering data from the populace. The peril of choosing a sample is that it is may not test may not enough mirror the practices, qualities, side effects, or convictions of the populace sufficiently mirror of population symptoms or beliefs (Polit and Hungler, 1999). Therefore, to decide a reasonable sample size by taking after equation was utilized to decide the sample size (AL Rifa y, 1998 , Ayyub and Mccuen, 2003). ss=(z^2 x (p) x (1-p))/c^2 Where: SS = Sample size Z = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level) p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed) C = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 =  ±5) ss=(ã€â€"(1.96)ã€â€"^2 x (0.5) x (1-0.5))/ã€â€"(0.05)ã€â€"^2 =384 Questionnaire Administration There are several ways to questionnaire to be delivered to the participant counting through publishing on a web site, post, e-mailShow MoreRelatedSampling And Data Collection Plan1203 Words   |  5 PagesSampling and Data Collection Plan Business Research Project Part Patricia Tyler, Cynthrea Font, Jacob Moorer, Abner Segovia QNT/561 September 28, 2015 Professor: Dr. Luis R. Mora Sampling and Data Collection Plan Introduction This paper outline the sampling and data collection procedure used to test MTD Flower’s by Mail hypothesis. The MTD Flower’s by Mail hypotheses are: H0: Implementing TQM with MTD Flower’s vendors (IV) will improve customer satisfaction (DV). HA: Implementing TQM withRead MoreA Study on the Affect of Music on Patients1666 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Nominated Literature: Lee-Chen Chen and his colleagues conducted a study on how music intervention or therapy lessens pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients through a fifteen-minute procedure. The purpose of the research was to examine the impact of music therapy and intervention on lessening pre-radiotherapy anxiety in these patients. The researchers carried out their study because of the tendency by oncology patients to react to radiation treatment with anxiety thatRead MoreThe Basics Behind Qualitative Research1270 Words   |  6 PagesFundamentals of Qualitative Research Jamye D. Jeter Cameron Submitted to Dr. Curtis Maybee University of Phoenix Fundamentals of Qualitative Research When a researcher sets out to begin a study, he or she must begin by asking questions of him or herself. These questions lead to the determination of the type of research study the researcher is going to conduct. The study may be based on qualitative research, quantitative research, or both. But, in order to determine the study method and designRead MoreResearch Approach And Methodological Choice : Ontology And Epistemology1464 Words   |  6 Pages3.1 Research Approach and Methodological Choice Ontology and epistemology are both essential elements of philosophy of knowledge. Ontology refers to the nature of reality, or assumptions about how we see the world. In part of epistemology refers to assumptions about the great way to study the globe (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2015). In another word, epistemology is about the way we know things when ontology is about what things are (De Vaus, 2001). As there are several major factors that haveRead MoreHow The Chronic Pain Is A Common Medical Complaint Among Long Term Care1178 Words   |  5 PagesPrevious research has indicated that the chronic pain is a common medical complaint among long-term care residents, which is often under-diagnosed and undertreated or inadequately treated. Natan, Ataneli, Admenko and Noy (2013) concluded the need of pain assessment training focusing on positive attitudes towards older adults as part of pre service-nursing career. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to identify fa ctors predicting nurses’ performance of pain assessment among olderRead MoreThe Replication Of Y Chromosomes And How They Have Evolved Overtime1358 Words   |  6 Pageschromosomes during the fertilization process, depending on the species. In the male heterogametic (XY) system, the absence of the Y chromosome results in a female offspring and the presence of the Y chromosome results in a male. The evolution of the sex determination system consists of the rise and development of sex chromosomes and concurrently the emergence and evolution of genes that guarantee the formation of equivalent traits and functions. This paper will examine three studies: the replication of Y chromosomesRead MoreCyp And Gst Polymorphism And Absolute And Relative Quantification Report1715 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected no band was seen. A positive control of known size was used was used in well 3, the band is evident. The controls used in the experiments show that the experiment worked to a greater extent. DNA ladders flanking the samples of interest are in wells 1 and 11; DNA ladders provide a way to measure the size of fragments from the sample of interests. The DNA ladder does this by providing DNA fragments of known size with which fragments from the samples of interest can be measured against or comparedRead MoreNursing Work Environment And Nurse Caring : Relationship Among Motivational Factors, Burtson And Stichler1511 Words   |  7 Pagesamong motivational factors, Burtson and Stichler (2010) outline a correlational study involving a sample of 126 nurses which were chosen from nine medical-surgical units, two emergency room units, and two critical care units in two different geographical locations. The abstract to this study is very informative as to what is contained within the article. Also, it clearly states the purpose of the research in the first sentence. In the introduction the authors elaborate on the hospital environment beingRead MoreExploring The Beliefs And Actions Of The Foreign Exchange ( Forex ) Market1728 Words   |  7 Pages1. Report summary 1.1. Research purpose This research was aim to discover the beliefs and actions of the trader in the foreign exchange (Forex) market, then adding to our knowledge about the microstructure of the Forex as well as trader’s view on exchange rate determination. Hence, it pointed out the divergence between economists’ and trader’s view. 1.2. Research method Authors used survey methodology with sample on UK-based foreign exchange dealers to collect analysis data. Specifically, 110Read MoreHow Statistics For Managers ( Bam1447b )1361 Words   |  6 Pagesactually began working on data analysis in real world and on paper, it is important that the basic knowledge is possessed by everybody involved in this process. 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Native American Stories Of The American Indian Stories By...

Throughout much of the history of Native Americans we can see a pattern of times of intense hardship and adversity in many different forms. Likewise we can see hardship in the various Native American stories of Zitkala sa, Momaday, Alexie, and Silko. However adversity and hardship are not necessarily crippling or damning, in fact in this paper we will see how the various problems faced by these native americans, be it the fictional characters in the stories themselves or the authors of the story s actually empowered them and often times made them stronger people as a whole be it as leaders of their community or simply people to look up too. In this paper we will attempt to answer the question. Is it possible that a good can come from†¦show more content†¦This choice she makes shows that even though she probably anticipates and eventually receives backlash from her family and community for choosing to stay at the school and further difficulty in connecting with the other stud ents around her, she recognizes the importance of her education and remains at the school anyway not only showing a maturity well ahead of her age in being able to recognize when something is good for you but also being able to make the choice you believe to be right even in the face of adversity. After deciding to stay at the school, zitkala sa picks up competitive speech she is meet with further adversity when during one of her competitions she is met with a racist and bigoted crowd that unrelentingly harass her. However again we can see a admirable mental fortitude as instead of backing down from the adversity she instead faces it head on and goes on to not only participate in but win the competition. However the final and perhaps greatest example of Zitkala sa s growth comes from after the story has ended and we look at her life. From these examples in the past already listed and our knowledge of the adversities Native Americans continued to face throughout much of her life time we

Organisation and management sample paper Free Essays

Each question is marked out of 10. Please start each question on a new page. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation and management sample paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Write your answers in the answer booklets provided. Please mark your questions clearly so that we know which questions you have attempted. Make sure your name is clearly indicated on the cover of the examination booklets . Decision-misunderstanding Describe the five (5) steps in the decision making process and provide an example to illustrate the process. Then discuss any one behavioral influence on decision- making and explain how it may influence the example you provided. 2. Organizing Explain the purpose of the organizing function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process. Then compare the functional, divisional, and matrix organizational structures. 3. Controlling Why do managers need to establish controls In organizations? Explain what Is meant by bureaucratic control and clan control In organizations and provide examples to Illustrate your answer. 4. Leadlngandmanaglngchange Explain the purpose of the leading function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process. There are some Important differences between a manager and a leader. Describe the mall differences between a manager and a leader. 5. Communicationandinterpersonalskills Describe at least three conflict management styles and give examples of each. Then explain why the collaborative approach to conflict management is often preferred over the other styles of conflict management. 6. Indeterminateness motivation. Then give one detailed example of each, and explain which approach best describes how you are motivated to work more efficiently and effectively. How to cite Organisation and management sample paper, Essays

The Object Of Financial Statement Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statements, its objects and key Methods of WYZ Athletic Supply Inc. Answer: Introduction This report has described about the Financial Statements, its objects and key methods of WYZ Athletic Supply Inc. for five years from 2016-2020. Financial statements are the companys records relating to financial activities. Financial statements include income statement, Balance sheet, Statement of retained earnings and cash flows (Investopedia.com, n.d). Financial statements must be easy to understand, must provide only relevant information, information must be trustworthy and the financial statements must be comparable with other companys financial statements (accounting-simplified.com, n.d). Financial statements provide information to users of financial statements regarding financial performance of an enterprise including any changes that has occurred during the reporting period so that they can take wise decisions are the main objectives of financial statements. Financial Statements must be prepared as per GAAP guidelines which is considered as standard practice across international borders. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is considered to be the benchmark which states about methods of presentation of financial statements and to maintain the continuity of information of financial statements. There are two methods for analyzing Financial statements: Through horizontal and vertical analysis: Horizontal Analysis Vertical Analysis In this, different reporting periods financial information can be compared. In this, every item in financial statements are measured as a percentage of gross sales and or percentage of total assets. It is also called as proportional analysis. Here, multiple periods financial information can be reviewed easily. Proportion of accounts of a single reporting period can be reviewed here. Through Ratio analysis: Ratio analysis is a quantitative concept that helps in analyzing the financial position of the company. There are many types of ratios such as liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios, activity ratios and leverage ratios etc. (Accountingtools.com, n.d) which describes different aspects of the companys performance. Companys financial wealth can be examined after doing comparisons with itself from its past results and/or comparing with industrys average. Mostly it can be observed that ratios calculated are within the limits prescribed by the industry but there are also many problems that are associated with the ratios that attracted attentions from the readers. For taxation, investing and financing purposes and also to bring correctness in financial statements, these are required to be audited by the auditing firms or by an independent accountant or by government agencies which help the users of financial statements in taking economic decisions (Investopedia.com, n.d). Further financial analysts can rely on audited financial statements to evaluate the companys performance and also to make estimations about the companys future stock price. Moreover, Annual report is the best resource where the overall performance of the company including its future goals and strategies are included. It also contains the financial statements. WYZ Athletic Supply Inc. prepared Financial statements for the period 2016-2020. Income statement and balance sheet of WYZ Athletic Supply Inc. reflects the following information: It showed how well the assets were used in generating profits. It also showed companys effective operations and expansions. Further, it also helped investors and creditors in many ways such as: Providing useful information about companys overall financial performance. Providing information on companys earnings, information on total assets and total debts, uses of cash and total amount of investments made by the company during 2016-2020. Further, preparation of Statements also helped them to identify whether to invest in the company or grant loan to the company. By comparing ratios of different companies it can be judged whether a company is financially viable or not. Analysis Following analysis have been drawn from the financial statements of WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. from 2016-2020: Net sales or net revenue means an amount produced by the company after doing trade with the buyers. Therefore, WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. shows an upward movement in net sales. Net income means companys total earnings that has arrived after subtracting total costs from net sales. Therefore, WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. shows an upward trend in net income. Profitability analysis means doing an estimation of a proposed project in terms of profit or maximizing the productivity of the current project by the supervisors. Earnings per share of WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. showing an increasing trend for the period 2016-20120. Profit margin ratio, return on equity and return on assets of WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. are also increasing. WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. are uses LIFO method for the inventory valuation which assumes assets which are acquired at last must be sold or disposed first. Inventory of this company is attractive because its gross profit ratio and inventory turnover ratio showing a positive sign. This company has higher current and acid test ratio which shows that there are better chances to pay off its short term liabilities in a reasonable time. Debt ratio and financial leverage ratio of WYZ are also not high which shows that assets are sufficient to meets its obligations. Lastly, the companys Interest coverage ratio is also high which shows that the company has ability to meet its interest payments regularly. Conclusion Following conclusions have been drawn from the financial statements of WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. for the period 2016-2020: There are two reasons for the increment of the dividend. These are: Firstly, Companys net income is showing increasing trend for the period of 5 years. Secondly, Companys growth and expansion strategy decides to earn more and expend less which increases the availability of profits for the shareholders in form of dividends. Thus, it can be summed up by saying that WYZ Athletic Supply, Inc. was doing well in 5 years that is 2016-2020. References What is financial statement? (n.d). Retrieved on 28 April 2017. From https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-statements.asp#ixzz4fNtJA15n. The object of financial statement (n.d). Retrieved on 28 April 2017. Fromhttps://accounting-simplified.com/purpose-of-financial-statements.html Two key methods for analyzing financial statements (n.d). Retrieved on 28 April 2017. Fromhttps://www.accountingtools.com/financial-statement-analysis.

Brenton Butler Essay Sample free essay sample

On the forenoon of May 7th. 2000 the slaying of Mary Ann Stephens occurred. She was a tourer to Jacksonville. Florida along with her hubby. The two were remaining at the Ramada Inn Hotel and had merely came from breakfast when they were approached by a immature black adult male who held them at gunpoint. took Mrs. Stephens’ bag so proceeded to hit her between the eyes. When the constabulary foremost arrived. the aged woman’s organic structure was several inches off from the way on which her and her hubby were walking along to acquire back to their room. Her organic structure was strewn across the grass. covered in blood with the slug and it’s lesion being clearly seeable to the bare oculus. This instance became controversial and it is believed that there was racial favoritism and profiling involved because Brenton Butler. and immature black male. was arrested several hours subsequently by constabularies. We will write a custom essay sample on Brenton Butler Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Police InvestigationIn the procedure of the apprehension of Brenton Butler. there was no extended probe done by the constabulary. During the test. this fact was admitted by the officers when Pat McGuiness. who was stand foring Brenton. raised the point of them non oppugning neighbors. non look intoing for Deoxyribonucleic acid on the stolen bag etc. When they arrived at the scene. they asked Mr. Stephens to give them a description of the taw. Mr. Stephens described the taw to be tall. scraggy physique. dark shirt and trunkss. a fishing chapeau and black in skin colour. Polices that were appraising the country saw Brenton Butler. who was at the clip walking from his place to Blockbuster to manus out a sketch. a thinly framed. tall. male have oning a dark shirt and dark shorts†¦coincidentally. Brenton Butler was a black male. Officer Williams and Officer Darnell told Brenton there had been a slaying nearby and asked him to come with them to inquire him some inquiries about anythin g he may hold seen. which Brenton agreed to. When they brought 15-year-old Brenton Butler to the offense scene. Mr. Stephens instantly identified Brenton as being the liquidator and asked the officers to convey him nearer. at this clip he positively identified him as being his wife’s liquidator. When brought into the constabulary station. Military officers William and Darnell passed Butler onto Detective Glover. Detective Glover got Brenton to squeal to the slaying. He did this by physically endangering the life of Brenton and stating that for every ten seconds that passed in which Butler didn’t mark the confession. he would ache him. He represented that by demoing Brenton his gun. Detective Glover so brought Brenton out into the forests where the gun had allegedly been hidden and wanted Brenton to demo him where it was. which Brenton did non cognize. Because of this. although there was no sufficient grounds to turn out such actions. Detective Glover punched Butler in the tummy twice and one time in his left oculus. If more investigation would hold been done. they would hold accounted the fact that Brenton was 5 inches shorter and many old ages younger than the adult male that Mr. Stephens reported. Brenton besides had a really noticeable logo on the forepart of the shirt he was have oning. when Mr. Stephens spoke of what the liquidator was have oning he said the shirt had been obviou sly. Besides. when Mr. McGuiness spoke with Brenton’s female parent in their place. he got a expression at Brenton’s hat aggregation. which consisted of 3 chapeaus. none of which were anything remotely near to the â€Å"fishing hat† which Mr. Stephens identified on the liquidator. Mr. Stephens besides neer mentioned the liquidator have oning spectacless. which Brenton wears mundane and would hold been visibly noticeable to Mr. Stephens sing the place of the liquidator at the clip in relation to himself. Neither officers nor investigators felt the demand to oppugn neighbours inquiring if they had seen Brenton at the times specified in their study. they didn’t experience the demand to garner background information on Brenton or see the fact that Brenton Butler had neer been in gaol before that day of the month. therefore he had neer committed a offense in Jacksonville. Florida. Brenton Butler was charged with armed robbery and the first grade slaying or Mary Ann Stephens on May 7th. 2000. Brenton Butler Page 1What about the Forensic Investigation†¦ ?Like the constabulary probe. there was a deficiency of forensic engagement in this instance every bit good. Brenton Butler was entirely charged based on the fact that. an oculus informant. Mr. Stephens identified Brenton as the liquidator. Many will declare this instance to be racial favoritism and racial profiling. due to the fact that Brenton was a black male like the liquidator. Brenton merely happened to be in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. In the forensic probe. after happening Mrs. Stephens’ stolen bag in a refuse container a stat mi off from the slaying. they should hold tested the bag for DNA and finger prints. If they had done this. they would hold seen that Brenton Butler’s finger prints were in fact non to be found on the bag. alternatively they would hold those of another adult male and Butler would hold been immediately proved inexperienced person. Cardinal people involved in the instance Brenton Butler – the accusedOfficer Darnell – constabularies officer. one of the officer’s that arrested and questioned Butler Officer Williams – constabularies officer. the 2nd officer that arrested and questioned Brenton Detective Glover – investigator and boy of the sheriff. Butler was passed on to Glover to give him a confession. Glover allegedly beat Brenton in the forests and threatened him and forced him into subscribing a written confession Pat McGuiness – attorney. he was the taking attorney stand foring Brenton. after the test he did more investigating Anne Finnell – attorney. she was besides supporting Brenton in his instance Harry Shorstein – State Attorney. decided to prosecute the instance after Brenton confessed Mr. Stephens – retired. he was a tourer sing Jacksonville with his married woman who was shot by a immature black male. he was an oculus informant to the instance. he identified Brenton Butler as be ing the liquidator of his married woman Mary Anne Stephens – retired. held at gunpoint. robbed and murdered Trial ProcedureIn this instance. following Brenton Butler’s apprehension. he taken in for a 12 hr inquiring and so signed and verbally confessed to the slaying after being threatened by Detective Glover. State Attorney Harry Shorstein decided to prosecute the instance. During the test. the chief focal point of the defending attorneies was deficiency of process. deficiency of probe and constabulary ferociousness. All that the prosecution attorney could concentrate on was the fact that Mr. Stephens had reported a tall. skinny. black male have oning dark vesture. which would depict Brenton. and the fact that Brenton confessed to the robbery and slaying. The constabulary and investigators involved in the instance. other than the oculus informant who identified Brenton and the false confession. did nil to garner grounds to turn out Brenton guilty. During the whole procedure. they didn’t state his parents where he was or that he was arrested. which by jurisprudence you have to if the accused is under age. they mislead Brenton’s parents when they showed up to their household place inquiring if Brenton was at that place and stating they merely wanted to speak to him about housebreakings that had been happening in the country. Besides. Officer Darnell had told Brenton he had the right to an lawyer and that if he didn’t have one that he would reach one for him. which he neer followed through with. In respects to the confession given and signed by Brenton. by jurisprudence. a confession must be made on your ain free will. you can’t be pressured into a confession. swayed or otherwise or else it can be deemed unequal to the instance. Brenton ButlerPage 2ResultAfter the shutting statements made by both opposing sides in the tribunal room. the justice told the jury how to do their determination. so they left the courtroom to make their finding of fact. It took the jury less than 1 hr to come to their decision. In respects to the charges against Brenton Butler by the State of Florida for the first degree slaying of Mary Ann Stephens. the jury found him non guilty. In respects to the charges against Brenton Butler by the province of Florida for armed robbery. the jury found him non guilty of that every bit good. So in other words. the jury found him inexperienced person of all charges. After the acquittal. Pat McGuinness. who represented Butler. set out to happen the existent liquidator so he could truly settle the instance. Person had notified him of two possible suspects. He so tested the bag for DNA and found that the prints on the bag matched to one of the names given to him. Jermel Williams pleaded guilty to second-degree slaying and was sentenced to ten old ages in prison. He besides testified against Juan Curtis. who’s fingerprints matched those found on Mrs. Stephens bag. Curtis was found guilty of first-degree slaying and sentenced to life in prison. Although later it was found that because there was no confession. they had denied Curtis’ right to a just test. so they granted him a retrial in which he was found guilty and sentenced to two back-to-back life footings. In February 2001. Brenton’s attorneies announced that they were prosecuting a civil case in which they wanted $ 2. 5 million in amendss against the metropolis. Sheriff’s section and the single officers. Eight months subsequently they refiled the case and wanted $ 8. 5 million alternatively. The Butler household accepted 775. 000 from the metropolis as a colony in 2002. They accepted this sum because of assorted grounds including how long the instance would be d ragged on and how hard it was to turn out the instance under the federal civil rights jurisprudence. Brenton Butler Now Brenton Butler is now 28 old ages old and has written a book about his experience called â€Å"They Said It Was Murder† . The book includes new inside informations about the whippings. his clip in gaol and other unfairnesss in the probe. Besides it discusses the impact the instance had on his household and the near-death of his female parent due to the emphasis of his apprehension. Miscarriages of Justice Brenton Butler spent 6 guiltless months in gaol. His civil rights were violated. They took him to the offense scene under false pretences. didn’t inform his parents of his whereabouts or that he had been arrested ( in the beginning ) and take his parents to believe that they had merely come to their place because they were inquiring the adolescents in the vicinity about reoccurring interruption Immigration and Naturalization Services. Besides. during Brenton’s oppugning. he was threatened and forced into subscribing a confession by Detective Glover and the other two officers and Brenton was taken into a wood and beaten by said investigator. These were all evidently unfairnesss in the instance. Why? Because officers and investigators are supposed to stay by certain Torahs and the rights of the accused and in this instance they did non and they were negligent. Another unfairness was the fact that anyone accused of perpetrating a offense is guiltless until proved guilty. I n Brenton’s instance. every bit shortly as he was spotted walking on the pavement. he was immediately guilty. Brenton ButlerPage 3Personal Chemical reaction Like the Steven Truscott instance. this merely shows us. even though this took topographic point in another state. how flawed our system is. It shows us that even constabularies officers can be racially know aparting and don’t abide by the Torahs. This instance taught us that one second we can be making something wholly normal and accustomed and if you end up in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. you neer know what could go on. It besides teaches us that we need to be more cognizant of our rights and be more educated on what to make in that sort of state of affairs. In my sentiment. I still trust the jurisprudence and I still trust the constabulary officers will protect me. After hearing about Brenton Butler and what he had to travel through and how ill he was treated it makes me fear the idea of something like this of all time someway go oning to myself. It makes me doubt the judgement of our authorities and our jurisprudence hatchet mans. It besides makes me recognize that society to is really judgmental and racially know aparting. In my sentiment. every bit good as in the sentiment of many others. Mr. Stephens merely identified Brenton Butler as the liquidator because of his race. The deficiency of grounds dorsums this theory up. It’s non merely Mr. Stephens that react in that manner of leap to that decision though. Although the whole segregation coevals has passed us. we still know apart against others. chiefly because they are different from ourselves and we don’t know about their civilization etc. Hearing about Brenton Butler’s instance made me inquire what his household must hold gone through. The emphasis they must hold been under. the anxiousness. the defeat and anger†¦it made me inquire how I would hold handled the state of affairs if I were in it. I besides can’t aid but believe what if Brenton had been a white male†¦he wouldn’t have been stopped by the constabulary that twenty-four hours and wouldn’t have been identified as the liquidator. What if the constabulary and investigators had done more to happen grounds. what if they had tested the bag for fingerprints one time they found it. why didn’t they check the bag for fingerprints†¦cases like this are really thought provoking and do you inquire so many inquiries that can’t be answered. I’m sword lily that he was proven guiltless after everything he went through and I’m sword lily he has been able to travel on with his life and portion with others his experience through his novel.

Abortion- both views essays

Abortion- both views essays Thou shalt not kill. This is one of the Ten Commandments. And is also something religious people live by. Killing is morally wrong. A babys heart is developing at two weeks and Many scientists now agree that human life starts at conception (Common 2). This proves that the fetus is murdered during the procedure of abortion. Many religions denounced the practice of abortion because it is morally wrong. A fetus is only half of its mother and half of its father, but is also a full being on its own. Science has made it possible for a fetus to live without its mother early during the second trimester (abortioninfonet 1) The bible has many versus about the mother and the infant in her womb. Can a woman forget her infant, or be without tenderness for the child in her womb? Yea, they may forget, yet will not forget thee (Isaiah 49:15). Women who have abortions sometimes second-guess their actions. The child they killed was a part of them they will never get back. One religion says all is taken care of, God is totally forgiving and will always forgive you of anything if you simply believe there is a God (qtd in priests for life 1). Having an abortion breaks no law. Following the laws of the land is important to religious people. Some scientists say life begins at conception, but when the Roe v Wade case was ruled, Justice Harry Blackmun wrote: We need not resolve the difficult of when life begins. When those trained in the disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, at this point in the development of mans knowledge is not at the position to speculate(qtd in members 3). The idea of life as a fetus and when it begins is only opinion. Freedom of choice is a part of the Constitution. Women should have the freedom to choose what they ...

Political Talk Outside the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Talk Outside the Workplace - Essay Example Inventory: While pursuing this course I realized that I do want to create effective and interesting compositions so that the people who read them may really enjoy them. Hence, it would not be wrong to say that I consider the writing to be an extension of my social self. Besides, while pursuing this course I realized that getting feedback and criticism from others much improves my writing skills. I really love it when people praise the originality and ingenuity of my ideas. This further motivates me to work on my writing skills so that in the long run I may turn out to be an interesting and appreciated writer. Thesis: The one great thing about computers is that they totally do away with the hassles caused by distance and time and allow me to communicate with people, friends and family members located anywhere in the world at any time of the day. Evidence: The very fact that when computers were not there, the maximum one could do to access one’s loved ones and friends was to give them a call. Social media like Facebook and Twitter rely on computers to be able to allow people to locate and communicate with their friends around the world. Computers also allow for communicating with people in a variety of formats like audio, visual and text. Purpose and Audience: This essay intends to communicate with the people interested in knowing my ideas about computers. I feel that I need to make the essay more personal. Too much of technical information has made the essay boring. Besides, many people already know these technical facts. I need to relate this information to my personal experience. Thesis Statement, Topic Sentences and Paragraphs: The thesis statement could be written in a more simple and compact manner. The thesis statement needs to be a summation of the important ideas I presented in the essay.

Moon Melding Made Titan a Chimera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moon Melding Made Titan a Chimera - Essay Example It is clear from the paper that Titan does not have a magnetic field and at times it orbits around the magnetosphere of Saturn. This makes the Titan not to be exposed to the Solar winds. Solar winds are known to remove and ionize the atmosphere’s particles. Since Titan has a dense atmosphere that has hydrocarbons, scientists predicted that Titan has lakes of ethane and liquid methane on the surface. Voyager encountered the moon in 1980 and in 1981. The scientist was not in a position to see beneath the thick layer of the cloud. 25 years, spacecraft of Cassini was able to see the clouds and mapped the surface of the moon. The Radar images proved that Titan has a liquid lake. In summary, Titan was discovered by Christian Huygens in 1655. The diameter of the moon is 5151 km with 1,221,850 km from the Saturn. The rotational and orbital period of the moon is 15.9 days, with an orbital eccentricity and inclination of 0.0292 and 0.33 degrees respectively. Additionally, the moon has m ean surface temperature of -178 degree Celsius with a main atmospheric component of Nitrogen.

COPERATE FINANCE AND GOVERNANCE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

COPERATE FINANCE AND GOVERNANCE - Case Study Example Some of the risks that are unique for such firms include foreign exchange risk, political risk as well as the unique market risk. This is significant due to the fact that Mineral Plc is an international firm having a diverse range of activities across the different countries. This therefore increases the overall risk profile of the firm and projects that it undertake in foreign locations. This report will provide an analysis of the proposed investment that is to be made in the Medco Republic. This report is significant due to the fact that there are multiple views within the firm that ask for a different strategy to invest into a country which is war torn and companies are facing significant corporate social responsibility issues. This report will therefore perform the net present value analysis as well as other investment appraisal techniques besides discussing the corporate social responsibility issues that may be faced by the firm while making new investment into the country. This report will be effectively divided into two sections i.e. first section will be discussing the different findings that are being made after performing the analysis whereas the second section of the report will discuss corporate social responsibility along with a discussion on the different risks of investing into a foreign country. AccoChapter # 2 Analysis and Findings 2.1. Investment According to the given data, the overall NPV and IRR are 18.79 and 34% indicating that according to both the threshold levels, the project may be acceptable. It is important to understand that the most important criteria that is being followed when choosing a project based on the NPV is the ability of the project to deliver the positive net value for the firm as well as its shareholders. Given the weighted average cost of capital of 15%, the overall NPV is positive indicating that the project is acceptable at this given risk level. What is also significant to note that the calculations made does not incorporate the risks that are specific to making investment into the foreign countries and as such it ignores the various risks such as political risk, foreign exchange volatility etc Based on the criteria of IRR, the total IRR comes to the 34% which is over and above the desired level of 25%. As a rule of thumb any investment that offers IRR greater than the required rate of return shall be accepted and as such the IRR is greater than the current required rate of return hence the project shall be accepted even on this criterion also.1 It is also important to understand that both NPV and IRR have their own short comings therefore they may not be relied heavily as to the most conclusive tools for making investment appraisal. What is however, significant to note that the NPV and IRR are still considered as the better measures of the project returns and thoroughly applied by the firms across the world when making investment analysis' Thus based on the available methodologies of project appraisals, NPV and IRR are considered as most suitable

My Personal Code Of Ethics Philosophy Essay

My Personal Code Of Ethics Philosophy Essay After taking this class I sit here and wonder. Am I the only one who has never realized how much ethics plays such a large part of the world today? I have always known that most businesses that I have worked in have a code of ethics but I did not realize why they have it. Until now after being in this class I have been looking at how ethics not only needs to be a part of a business but how it is such a large part of society in itself. For me I did not know how many different parts of ethics there are but how they play make me look at whats going on in the world today in an ethical way. Society today is full of chaos because it seems those that are younger than me have a whole different outlook on the world or is it that they dont know about how ethics plays a part in their lives. For example: During this quarter when at dinner I would sit with my teenage son and ask what does he knows about ethics and he looked at me like I was crazy. So I said to him do you think that you follow a code of ethics at school and he said yes. What do you think they are I ask? Well we have to follow rules, and have to respect the teachers by listening to them and doing the work they give us. By having this conversation with him at dinner we would talk about how there are ethical meanings that relate to his answers. I proceed to tell him how he basically has a social contract. David Gauthier contract theory is to show self- interested individuals should favor a minimally cooperative moral system (Waller, 2005, p. 68). He still did not understand so I used an example that I think I remem bered from school and that was Audi does not through his book bag at Mr. Lucabaugh and Mr. Lucabaugh listens completely to his response. Then I said basically the code of ethics at your school uses a contract theory because you agree to respect and listen to your teacher and your teacher agrees to respect and listen to you. He finally got it. With what is going on in the world today from the economy, the war, and what is happening in Libya if we as a society did not have any ethical beliefs there would be so much chaos that society would self destruct. A perfect example of this would be Libya and their leader Omar Gaddafi. This is similar to the second reflection paper that I wrote for this class. When I wrote that paper Egypt was in chaos and now it is Libya who is in a war of all against all (Waller, 2005, p. 64). In Libya the people are not only protesting against their leader Moammar Gaddafi and want him to step down. Gaddafi to me is defiantly using Dostoyevskys challenge which is using the utilitarian calculation by getting much pleasure at the cost of his people (Waller, 2005, p. 55). Could it be that Gaddafi needs to have a social contract with himself and that according to Thomas Hobbes our natural tendencies are toward murder and mayhem (Waller, 2005, p. 66) and he is out for himself. Gaddafi is an individual an d universal egoist. On one hand he wants for his country what will benefit him. He has been quoted as saying I will die a martyr (Metro, 2011) and on the other hand he says that he does not need help from any other countries and that they should stay out of Libya and the happenings with his country and people. Many countries have different outlook on this issue and most of it is because of cultural relativism this is how one culture has different value from another. This could be an example of America and Libya. For American culture we value people and the fact that we have free speech and that everyone should be free compared to Libya where the people their do not have the same rights of free speech and really are not free because if they go against their government they could die. Having ethical beliefs or morals in society is a positive thing because it helps control the chaos that would be if there were none. Ethical beliefs should also fall into individuals as well. If the individual person does not have ethics then how would they be able to socialize in an acceptable manner? Everyone has different ethical beliefs whether it is based upon religion or their culture or it could be based upon gender. Many people follow the Ten Commandments and that is their moral and ethical belief system and believes they were created to help control chaos and keep some order of peace in the world or within themselves. As a society we also have the Constitution of America which many people follow that as their code of ethics. And then many people will tell you that ethics and morals are passed down from generation to generation within the family. It does not matter what you believe or were they came from but that we may not be aware of the importance of them and how they rela te to our lives. In the Bible one of the Ten Commandments is You shall not steal now imagine if no one in the world has any morals or ethical beliefs. Everyone would be stealing from one another and no one would have anything that they could call their own. But by people having some type of ethical beliefs a majority of people do not steal because it would be against their code of ethics or moral beliefs. Immanuel Kant basic principle of ethics is Categorical Imperatitive says always act in such a way that you could and will act (Waller, 2005, p. 22) which is basically saying do unto others as you would have them do to you . So if you want to be treated well then you should treat others well. If people did not have this ethical belief to follow then there would be more people in the world that only look out for them and have no consideration for others. This could also be related to virtue ethicist Aristotle who says that virtuous person is not one that does the right act but one who consistently does the right act and for the right reason (Waller, 2005, p. 98). You might ask what does this have to do with individual ethical belief well if you think about it. Because people who do not steal have made it a habit not too and for that they consistently do the right thing. Another example could be as babies most of us were taught not to hit someone because that is not right and it could be against the morals of your family not too. So we eventually grow up that the right reason not to hit someone is because you would not like that to happen to you. When it comes to ethics many people do not relate it to critical thinking. Critical thinking can play a large role when it comes to ethics because when people start having conversations about anything that can be ethical it can turn into a heated argument or if they do not like what they are hearing they will use the red herring fallacy. Red herring fallacy is what they call a common argument trick (Waller, 2005, p. 2). For example: You and I are having a discussion about the war and I do not agree or like what you are saying so I change the conversation by saying I see, did you know that the Red Sox won the game yesterday. If more people take on the charity fallacy which is to be charitable or generous toward the positions and argument we oppose (Waller, 2005, p. 4). The perfect example of would be you are having a conversation about the war and how they agree with it and you listen to them and calmly respond yes but. As people get older and our minds get more developed we realize that men and women are not only physically different but emotionally different as well. Women become more act utilitarian because we want to increase pleasure and decrease suffering for everyone compared to men who become more rule utilitarians look at the act. It is known that women are more emotional and think differently from men. For many women care ethics plays a large role in morals. Care ethics emphasizes on the importance of affection, friendships and relationships (Waller, 2005, p. 119) which is for most women the core of their feelings. A good example of this could be a couple goes out to dinner and while walking to the restaurant the wife wants the husband to hold her hand and the husband does not want too. This is the women wants to feel some type of affection and the guy does not. Another example would be a guy usually does not care if he doesnt talk to some of his friends were it would really bother a women because her friendships are important in her life. I decided to go into this class with an open mind and by doing so I can actually say that I look at ethics in a much different perspective. I dont think I have ever really thought about ethics other than my own beliefs or corporate ethics. I realized how I never really looked at my ethical beliefs and how they may not be the way I think that I live my life. By this I mean the teacher used a scenario about a little girl and someone was going to kill her if I did not lie. For me I do not believe in telling a lie or getting lied to. As the teacher continued with the different scenarios and I kept saying I would not lie, he finally said over the brake really look at yourself and what you say or respond to things even the smallest of things and see if you lie. So I did just that and low and behold he was right. . I am finding that it is hard to live 100 percent ethically on my beliefs. As I was writing this I am trying to think about myself and what how the different parts of ethics fit into my life and can say that I am an act utilitarian because I do go through life wanting to not only have maximize pleasure but the people involved in my life and try to minimize the suffering of people involved in my life which is a hard thing to do. For someone whom I may be in a relationship whether a friend or on a more intimate level I can understand the social contracts that we share that we try to be as honest as possible to each other agree to not to cheat on each other even though tendencies may take us elsewhere. I also believe that we all must do what is in the best interest for each so that could make me follow the universal ethical egoism theory. When I think of virtue ethics, I think about myself and what or how I think of individual character. Many people say that I am kind, caring and very considerate person. That always think about other people and how I can help them. This would be because my moral belief is that I treat others as I like to be treated. So if you want respect then you have to give respect. But I also think about how I feel when I help someone which would be the care ethics part of my beliefs. . I myself know that I am consistently kind to people and care very much for people in my life but also for the elderly, kids and pets and I do this for the right reasons and that would be because it makes me feel good about myself. Without ethics whether personal or for society in a whole the world would not be able to function in order and there would be chaos beyond control. Everyone has ethics whether they are taught them in the home, from the bible or from government itself makes everyone a better person or country. For me taking this class has defiantly made me look at myself and what I honestly think and how I much of an ethical individual person I am. I also know that as we get older me ethical beliefs can change. I have also learned that even though we may not agree with other peoples beliefs we should be open about them and are able to have conversations with bringing anger or disagreements in them. Reference Page Metro. (2011, February 22). Gaddafi: I will die a martyr. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from Metro: http://www.metro.us/newyork/international/article/781278gaddafi-i-will-die-a-martyr Waller, B. N. (2005). Consider Ethics Theory, Readings and Contemporary Issues. New York: Longman.

Fertility Drugs Essays -- Research Papers Pregnancy Conception Papers

Fertility Drugs Most men and women are raised thinking that eventually they will marry and have children. What happens when a couple gets married and wants to have a child and finds out that after several times of having unprotected sex there is no pregnancy? The finger is usually pointed at the woman but in some cases it can be due to the man. In a woman's case, the problem is usually that she is not ovulating normally and in a man's case he might have low sperm count. These are the problems that are most heard of but there are other factors that can cause infertility. An anxious couple quickly turns to science to try and find a solution to their problem. Although taking fertility drugs is the "solution", it can be quite strenuous for the couple. The couple has to submit to an emotional roller coaster , possible financial hardship, and a love life that sounds more like supply and demand. Some couples get so tied up with conceiving a child that they do not enjoy what they're doing but rather do it o n demand. "Their marriages are sometimes threatened to the point of divorce."(p.16, Carr) "there is a definite relationship between infertility and stability and happiness in marriagemore than one-half of the couples who seek divorce are childless and the majority of infertile couples eventually apply for divorce."(p.16, Carr) When a couple is trying to conceive they will often have feelings of frustration and discouragement. As we see, making the decision of seeking help using fertility drugs requires that both parties be supportive of each other and really work together to achieve their goal. "Between 15 and 25 percent of all couples in the United States are infertile. If you've had unprotected sex for more than 12 months (if... ...rinologist). (www.infertility.about.com) For an application, list of requirements, or basic information about the organization you can visit http://www.fertilityfoundation.org Although this paper is long it does not provide nearly all the information available about infertility. This paper can be seen as tool. There's no doubt in my mind that taking fertility drugs is a very big decision. What I learned from this research is that many eager parents put their own health at risk in order to have a baby. Overall, success depends on each case individually and on the severity of your condition and age. Bibliography About, The Human Internet. http://www.infertility.about.com . (17 May 2001) Baby Center, Cradle and all. http://www.babycenter.com . (17 May 2001) Carr, Delta Genevieve. Fertile and Infertile Marriages. Xerox University Microfilms: USA, 1975.

Children and Happiness Essay

What makes children happy? ‘That’s easy,’ you might say, ‘a new toy, an ice cream or a trip to the amusement park.’ While these things bring an immediate smile to many children’s faces, they are probably not the things that will keep them happy day by day, or turn them into happy adults. The basic ingredients that make children happy during childhood seem to be the same ones that help them to become happy adults: a secure relationship with parents gives the base to confidently explore the world and develop a sense of mastery and recognition, all important components in the recipe for happiness. However, in the short term, the new toy might provide a smile too! Man has to pass through many stages of life, since he is born until he dies. He passes through infancy, childhood, boyhood, youth, middle age and old age. Childhood continues from the 6th to the 12th year of age. Boyhood continues from the 12th to the 19th year of age. Youth lasts from the 20th to 35th year of age. Middle age lasts from the 36th to the 55th year of age. Old age continues from 56th year until death. Of all the stages of life childhood is the most important. Because it is the formative period of life. It is also the first conscious stage of life. Important of childhood: Childhood is the formative period of life. Human character takes its shape in childhood. Man gets deep and lasting impressions in his childhood. Because at this stage men’s mind is soft, receptive and plastic. It is just like the potter’s clay. So human character should be properly shaped in childhood. What should be done in childhood: Childhood is one of the growing stage in man’s life. The human beings grow up to 24th year of age. So, the health of the child should be properly looked after. He should be given balance diet. He should be encouraged to from healthy habits like early rising. He should be taught to be neat and clean, to do exercise regularly, to eat, sleep, read and play at habits. He should be kept happy and cheerful. All these will help him to grow healthy in body and mind. Proper and appropriate food should be provided to the child’s mind. He should be given the most carefully chosen books to read. he should be given children’s magazines. He should be given interesting and instructive pictures. At this stage, records should be kept of the child’s inclination, aptitude, knack, mood, temperament, interest, abilities and his latent qualities. On the basis of these records, the future of the child should be planned. The child should be trained on the basis of this plan. Care of parents and teachers: In the modern system of society and education in India, nobody takes the responsibility of the child’s welfare. The parents think that it is a responsibility of the teachers, because the child stays in the school for six hours a day. The teachers think that it is the responsibility of the parents, because the children belong to their parents, and in future the children will come to any use only to their parents and families. But in the interest of society, nation, country and above all mankind all have responsibility for the welfare of the children. Conclusion: It is the foremost duty of the Government to see to the welfare of the children. But in India we find that a lot of children in schools are dying by food-poisoning in the Government Mid-day meal system. The school buildings are defectively constructed. So the buildings breakdown and many children die underneath. the milk-powder that comes to Panchayats and Block offices is said to be put to black-marketing. Government should look to all these affairs. Childhood is the most important period in a men’s life. So, the Government should take utmost care of it.

psych final paper

psych final paper psych final paper- schizophrenia Schizophrenia Alyssa Storey Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Schizophrenia is one of the most widely known psychological disorders. Because it is so well-known, it is surrounded by many stereotypes. The amount of people that understand schizophrenia is much smaller than the amount that thinks they do. Schizophrenia consists of three groups of symptoms. There are three main perspectives with theories on this disorder, and two main treatments options. There were a few minor changes in the DSM-V regarding schizophrenia, and there have been a few recent experiments involving it. When discussing schizophrenia and its symptoms, one will focus on three kinds of symptoms. These symptoms are positive, negative, and psychomotor. Positive symptoms are symptoms that are added to a person’s average behavior. These symptoms are abnormal and affect the person’s daily functioning. The most frequent positive symptoms of schizophrenia are disorganize thinking and speech, inappropriate affect, delusions, and heightened perceptions and hallucination s (Comer 2014). Many people suffering from schizophrenia have difficulty conversing with the people around them, and often cannot convey what they are thinking. They are very frequently confused by their thoughts and surroundings, but their confusion does not make sense to people without this abnormality. People with schizophrenia are unable to attain rational thoughts, which causes them to communicate in ways that are hard for the people around them to understand. They will usually derail during their conversations. Instead of sticking to the subject of the conversation, they will quickly change in between random subjects that have no connection with the original conversation (Comer 2014). While the other person in the conversation becomes confused, the person suffering from schizophrenia will believe that they are making perfect sense and carrying on a typical conversation. Others may use words that they have created in their head, called neologisms. Neologisms appear to be normal words to the person with schizophrenia, but the person they are speaking to not only have no idea what they are saying, but has also never heard the word (Comer 2014). Another positive symptom of schizophrenia is delusion. Delusions vary depending on each case of schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia may develop delusions of reference, delusions of perseverance, delusions of control, delusions of grandeur, or more than one of these delusions. Each kind of delusion creates different problems for them, and affect their lives in different ways. Delusions of reference occur when a person gives random objects or people a new and unusual meaning. Delusions of perception, which are the most common type of delusion among people with schizophrenia, occur when people believe they are being watched by someone or something with no relevance is out to get them. This is the type of delusion that is most stereotypical and often portrayed in movies. A type of delusion that is somewhat similar to delusions of perception is delusions of control. When a person is convinced that their lives, including their thoughts and actions, are being controlled by another person, they are experiencing delusions of control (Comer 2014) The final form of delusions is delusions of grandeur which is when someone believes that they are a kind of person they are not, such as a savior of a specific people, a genius, or possibly a profound philosopher. While the people experiencing any of these delusions fully believes that they are true, they are actually only in this person’s head. Unfortunately, a person with schizophrenic delusions will not be able to be convinced that they are not seeing reality. Hallucinations are another positive symptom that often occur when dealing with schizophrenia. The most common type of hallucinations for people with schizophrenia are auditory hallucinations, which cause the person to hear sounds or

Chile earthquake Essay Example

Chile earthquake Essay Example Chile earthquake Essay Chile earthquake Essay Nature of the temblor Beginning and account of the strength The strength of the temblor on 27 February 2010 was 8.8 on Richter s graduated table. The temblor hit 325 kilometres sou-west of the capital, Santiago, at a deepness of 35 kilometres at 3:34 ante meridiem, the U.S. Geological Survey reported that. The epicentre was merely 115 kilometres from Concepcion, Chile s second-largest metropolis, where more than 200.000 people live along the Bio Bio river. The Northern two-thirds of Chile prevarication on top of the Nazca Plate, which, traveling eastward about 10 centimetres a twelvemonth, is doing its manner under the Continental home base of South America. This motion resulted in the formation of the Peru-Chile Trench, which lies beyond a narrow set of coastal Waterss off the northern two-thirds of the state. The trench is about 150 kilometres broad and has norms about 5000 metres deep. The same supplantings that created the Peru-Chile Trench make the state extremely prone to earthquakes. During the twentieth century, Chile has been struck by 28 major temblors, all with a force greater than 6.9 on Richter s graduated table. The strongest of these occurred in 1906 ( 8.4 on the Richter graduated table ) and in 1960 ( 8.75 ) . This last one caused a tidal moving ridge that hit several fishing small towns in the South and raised or lowered subdivisions of the seashore every bit much as two metres. The hit between the Earth s surface plates has besides generated the Andes, that, in Chilean district entirely, includes about 620 vents, and many of them are active. Almost 60 of these had erupted in the twentieth century by the early 1990s. More than half of Chile s land surface has a volcanic beginning. The part of the Chile Trench along the west seashore of South America between approximately 45 A ; deg ; 40 S and 47 A ; deg ; S is the site of a hit between the actively-spreading Chile Ridge and the Chile Trench subduction zone. The Chile ternary junction part is one of merely two active illustrations of a trench hit at the minute, an event that has occurred a batch around the convergent borders of the Pacific Ocean. Scientific probes of the active Chile three-base hit junction part can supply of import observations that will better our apprehension of these of import home base tectonic phenomenon s, particularly penetrations into past procedures that may act upon the present geological development and besides act upon the temblor hazard of coastal California. Several researches have been traveling on in the part of Chile and the ternary junction in the last decennary, including a elaborate SEABEAM swath bathymetric and seismal contemplation study led by several research sails have been conducted in the part of the Chile s border ternary junction in the last decennary. So the temblors are ever reasonably strong because Chile is located at e ternary junction of three home bases. This makes the surface vibrate more than when it is located at the boundary of 2 home bases. History of temblors Opportunity of temblors in that part The largest temblor of all time recorded was in Chile on May 22, 1960, with a magnitude of 9.5 on Richter s graduated table and killed 1655 people and left 2 million people stateless. The tsunami that it caused killed people in Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines and caused harm to the West seashore of the United States. The Chile ternary junction border is the merely soon active ridge-trench hit where the overruling home base is composed of Continental lithosphere. It provides the best, and merely, active modern illustration of the geological consequences of ridge subduction along Continental borders. This procedure has earnestly affected the geology of Tertiary western North America. The elaborate relationships between home base gestures and Continental border geology can be efficaciously studied here. The Reconstructions that they make while analyzing those relationships show that the Chile Ridge foremost collided with the Chile trench about 14 million old ages ago near the latitude of Tiera del Fuego. A long ridge portion was subducted between Tiera del Fuego and the Golfo de Penas between approximately 10 and 14 million old ages ago. Another portion was subducted next to the Golfo de Penas about 6 million old ages ago and a short ridge portion was subducted to the Taitao Peninsula about 3 million old ages ago. The comparative home base gesture vectors change well following the transition of the ternary junction along the border. Prior to the ridge hit the Nazca home base was being subducted at a fast rate, about 8 cm/year for the past 3 million twelvemonth and about 13cm/year for the late Miocene, in a somewhat north-east way. Following the transition of the ternary junction, the Antarctic home base is subducted at a much slower rate, about 2 centimeters a twelvemonth somewhat south-east. New SEABEAM day of the month accurately define the contemporary geometry and location of ridge/trench hit. North is the Nazca home base being subducted beneath the South American home base, south the Antarctic home base is subducted beneath South America. The Nazca/Antarctic home base boundary is comprised of the Chile Ridge distributing centre, which intersects the Chile Trench, organizing a ridge-trench-trench ternary junction. The ridge is distributing and moves about parallel to the trench, ensuing in a ridge-trench hit. While the break zones associated with the Chile Ridge distributing system tendency within about 20 A ; deg ; of perpendicular to the trench. The ternary junction part appears to be the beginning of the great 1960 Chile temblor with 9.1 at Richter s graduated table. Southern portion of Chile Peoples thought that the Cascadia border of offshore Oregon and Washington has the potency for a great temblor based on similarities to strongly match subduction zones. Lending to this decision are the observations that both borders have deposit filled trenches and both are subducting immature crust. However, it is non clear how similar the two borders truly are and what parametric quantities are critical for comparing the borders. Therefore, in order to realistically compare southern Chile with Cascadia it is necessary to larn a batch more about the southern Chile border. Three Phases in Ridge Subduction The subdivision of the Chile Ridge between the Darwin and Taitao break zones is presently go throughing beneath the landward trench incline. The SEABEAM image provides a more elaborate image of the interaction between the ridge and the trench. On the SEABEAM map we can follow the ridge axis from the Darwin break zone at 45 A ; oslash ; 52 S south to 46 A ; oslash ; 08 S. Along this portion of the ridge, the axis is characterized by tonss of little vents and by an axial magnetic high. On the offshore side of the axis there are a additive sequence of rift vale walls. Based on these pictures/measurements, we can state that the spreading is happening in a reasonably normal mode. In a conventional diagram of the hit zone, we refer to this part of the ridge and trench incline as the pre-contact zone. A little sum-up The Triple Junction border of Chile is the best modern illustration of the subduction of an active spreading ridge at a Continental subduction zone. Thus it is every bit near as the modern universe offers to what happened along the West seashore of North America over the last 20 million old ages. The geologic consequence of ridge subduction can easy be studied in Southern Chile because they are still happening at that place. When you compare it to California you do nt hold to look trough many million old ages of subsequent geologic events to place the effects of the ridge subduction. Because ridge subduction represents a big alteration in the thermic construction of the Continental border, it has permanent effects on the construction of the crust where it has taken topographic point. These alterations might act upon such of import modern phenomena as temblor seismicity. The ring of Fire ( besides really nice vocal of Johnny Cash ) The Pacific Ring of Fire is an country where big Numberss of temblors and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. About 90 % of the universe s temblors and 80 % of the universe s largest temblors occur along the Ring of Fire. The Ring is a direct consequence of home base tectonics and the motion and hits of home bases. The eastern subdivision of the ring is the consequence of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the due west traveling South American Plate. On this site you can see that there are tonss of temblors in that part and you can see that they have ever at least a magnitude from 7 Ms. More info about this tabular array subsequently on. Why yes/no a opportunity to tsunamis with the temblor? Here you see a list with all the temblors from Chile from 1570 until now. They indicate with a T if there was vitamin E tsunami and besides if it was e destructive or a major one. Because the Ring of Fire follows the coastlines of the Pacific Ocean, about any big temblor can besides bring forth a tsunami, a powerful moving ridge that travels from the epicentre across the ocean basin. That s what happened in 2004, when a 9.3-magnitude temblor caused a destroying Tsunami to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. That s what is likely to go on following today s 8.8 magnitude temblors off the seashore of Chile. Beginnings hypertext transfer protocol: //www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/27/chile-earthquake-83-magni_n_479294.html hypertext transfer protocol: //earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/index.php? region=Chile ( really really good site! ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ssn.dgf.uchile.cl/home/terrem.html I ve tried to rewrite everything in my ain words, but some parts are merely non possible to rewrite better or in any other words so it is still apprehensible. That s why I ve put my beginnings here so there is no opportunity of faulting me for copying illicitly.

Best economic progress since WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Best economic progress since WWII - Essay Example However, its economic growth did not translate into military might since its international status was regulated by treaty powers. Indeed, German’s economy has successfully grown since the World War II. Germany did not act as decisive leader, but projected itself as a good team player, in the international affairs. The increased levels of Germany economy after the World War II, was caused by elimination of price controls, reduction of marginal tax rates, and currency reforms, between 1948 and 1949 (William 48). Before the year 1948, Germany was controlled by rationing and price controls. Price controls and rationing, which existed before 1948, were meant to buy raw materials at artificially low price. Most Germans lacked enough food due to price control on food. Currency reform, in Germany, was pioneered by Ludwig Erhard. He was determined to shape a successful economy in Germany. The currency reform led to the abolition of Reichsmark. As a result, a new currency-deutsche mark- was introduced. The currency reform was installed on 20 June 1948. Most Nazi and occupation regulations and rules were abolished to usher in a new economy; currency reform aimed at the provision of valuable store, and accepted legal tender. It also laid a foundation for West German State and economy (William

How does the physical geography lf the place affect the human culture Research Paper

How does the physical geography lf the place affect the human culture and the human geography and how has human culture affected by it - Research Paper Example (Auerbach). This paper is aimed at investigation of the local conditions of New Hartford, NY, and their influence on the local inhabitants on the example of the shopping mall located in this city. The following methods will be used to perform the research under the topic of the paper: analysis of the reference literature on the research topic; interviewing the local inhabitants about local conditions and their influence on life of the society. The studies of the reference literature have given the following results. Geographic factors influence development and life of people in the place of their living. â€Å"The â€Å"geographical factor† has evolved from a mere reference to a geographical indication of provenance of a product to that of an indicator of qualities or characteristics which reflect its geographical origin.† (Gonzales, Johnston, 225). The above mentioned four points of influence, land, soil, water and climate, determine the way people live: if the land allows for good harvest gathering, the society develops agricultural activity, when water is an insufficient resource, it is necessary to find the ways to make it present and sufficient for society activity and life support. (Auerbach). Japan is a good example of land influence, as it often suffers from earthquakes and tsunamis caused by them. These adverse events made the Japanese develop tactics to resist their aftermath and to quickly react i n terms of human lives saving. Literature study provided the basis for the second method of research. According to the New Hartford inhabitants, it is an ordinary US town with little differences from the other ones alike. The suburb city cannot boast at a wide range of big enterprises, important events or sources for breaking news, the older people say. A typical set of natural resources is sufficient to support the society life activity. Water,

Surveillance technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Surveillance technology - Essay Example That respect warrants this essay a critical outlook into the evolution, merits, and demerits of spy cameras as type of surveillance technology. Additionally, this paper will also seek to give a recommendation on the way future of this subject. The evolution of spy cameras and its incorporated technologies is an important topic that examines the state of surveillance technology and its impacts on the modern society. The tumultuous history of technologies associated with spy cameras has its origin rooted in the 16th century and stretches all the way to the present generation whereby it shifted from facto disciplinary practice to a real time practice revolving around security and conveniences it offers to its participants. Spy cameras evolved in three basic stages namely, daguerreotype, film, and digital photographic spy cameras. Daguerreotype was a truly successful stage of spy cameras since photographers used copper plates coated with iodine whereby it used this combination to produce silver iodide upon sensing light. Daguerreotype photography entered the United States during the time of Civil War whereby technical fighters used it as an investigative tool. (Heir and Greenberg, 2007:217). Even though the Federal Bureau of investigation did not exist during the time of President Lincoln, documented evidence shows that, security officers used daguerreotype as a form of surveillance technology in crime scene investigation. With spy cameras came in telephone calls which aided in taking surveillance technology into the following stage. Surveillance technology shows, the introduction of telephone accounts for a big margin in this subject as it led to wire-tapping where one could listen to a telephone conversation between other people. Year 1945 witnessed a major shift as wire and tape recorders became available (Tavani,

Individual and the community Essay Example for Free

Individual and the community Essay There tends to be quite a large use of extended metaphors within the play referring to the individual and the community frequently. Translations is said by many to be an intelligent and enlightening metaphor for the situation in Northern Ireland. This statement can be backed up and the reader can see many representations throughout the play. The most obvious example is that of the situation between Maire and Yolland on page 62. A significant part of this scene is when Maire says that leap across the ditch nearly killed me, as she is really symbolising the change the Irish people must undergo. Therefore, individuals are used to represent different views and cultures, as well as having their own. Characters are used mainly as a metaphor for Irelands position with the English. This is evidence of a particularly good playwright. Friel uses Sarah as a symbol to represent Baile Beags loss of language as the English arrive to anglicise the Irish counties. We know from historical references that the English did anglicise much of Ireland, resulting in a loss of language, as shown with Sarahs particularly similar situation. As the play progresses in the beginning, Sarahs speech begins to improve, but when the English come, Sarahs speech is lost again, which symbolises the English power over Ireland and how they are able to make change to the language with Sarah individually and the whole of Ireland nationally. Other scenes such as in act two scene one, we see stage directions create a bond between brothers and indicate a distance between cultures; as Manus moves beside OWEN, we begin to realise the general stance of the British and the Irish divide The mythology Jimmy Jack studies once again acts as a metaphor for the situation Baile Beag have created for themselves the community are locked in time as the play states it can happen that a civilisation can be imprisoned in a linguistic contour that no longer matches the landscape of fact. Words in the beginning paragraph such as disused and remains imply that this is a hedge school of a traditional heritage, which represents Ireland and its Irish culture at the present time. There are also many issues based around identity within the play, and this is reflected with peoples actions and the way that they change from the beginning of the play to the end. Many characters manage to find themselves and realise what their direction in life is. Translations seems to revolve around the subject of names the most obvious being the Name Book and the individual identity. As each character enters a scene, Friel gives a detailed description of them, providing the reader with an immediate image. The character then progresses and adopts their own personality and identity. In the case of Sarah, she is described as being waiflike and unintelligible. As the play progresses, Sarahs identity changes as she learns to speak. Later, Friel uses Sarahs identity to represent the more timid people of Ireland as she becomes incoherent. Another example is the character of Maire. Maire is described as a strong-minded and strong-bodied woman at the start of the play, but, by the end, seems to have become distant as if shed been washed away by her contact with the English, and, more importantly, with Yolland. Therefore, individual identity can alter when situations change. Friel created Jimmy Jack as an eccentric, an infant prodigy. He acts as a symbol of an attachment to the past, and cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality. This takes both a political and social stand towards Baile Beag. Is it so bad that Jimmy Jack has to resort to living in a fantasy world? This relates to the flaws within Baile Beag, which, in turn, make up most of the community. Those who live there are trapped in a linguistic contour, speaking dead languages, whilst those who are of a greater education such as Hugh, Jimmy Jack and Owen have many more faults than those less educated; Hugh has a severe drinking problem, Jimmy Jack fixed in his fantasy world and Owens rejection from his father as a translator. Jimmy Jacks poor dress sense and almost tramp like appearance acts as a metaphor for Ireland itself, proving although they live on an old island, with an old language and culture, there are still things to be cherished, that are rich and should be preserved. This is a rich community full well of educated people such as Hugh and Jimmy Jack, which is being understated. Throughout the play, many individuals are mentioned who are not characters in the play. The first is Daniel OConnell who is referred to by Maire on page 24, and who Hugh calls that little Kerry politician. Daniel OConnell was, in fact, known as the liberator who fought for political rights for Irish Roman Catholics. He was obviously a very powerful individual as he is one of the only real people mentioned in the play. Historically, Daniel OConnell, was also known as the uncrowned leader of Ireland acts a symbol of Hughs position within Baile Beag. He encouraged the use of English in National schools, which is essentially what Hugh did when he applied to the National School near Baile Beag. Yolland and Hugh talk about the second famous individual; William Wordsworth, on page 49. He was an English romantic poet, and because of this, Hugh dismisses him and states that he is not familiar with his literature. Throughout the play, Friel tries to include as many well known events and characters as possible to add a sense of realism. Therefore, certain famous individuals, and the mention of them, boost the readers interest and increase the level of validity. The community is presented to us as being close, but with the English trying to anglicise, we realise that this is far from the true realisation. For example Maire and Manus; once engaged, but with the Anglicisation, Maire realises she wants better things from life, and proceeds to find these in Yolland, the Englishman. Language also this splits this pair apart too, as we see Yolland disappear towards the end of the play, with the suspicion that he has been killed by the Donnelly brothers for breaking up the community. Overall, Friel shows the audience that the individual and the community are intertwined and are similar in their symbolism and characteristics. As language is integrated within society, the community is forced to separate. Individuals are described and portrayed as the powerful essence of a community, whilst the community itself symbolises the much-needed unity in order to preserve the culture and the individual identity of Ireland.

Education in the age of globalisation

Education in the age of globalisation Introduction What does education have to do with globalisation? The answer is simple: everything. The most recent wave of globalisation, which began in the 1980s, is being driven by the knowledge economy and, in turn, this knowledge economy is being facilitated by globalisation. Without education, the knowledge economy collapses. So anyone talking about globalisation is also talking about the knowledge economy and education. First, globalisation. Sometimes the concept seems like a many-headed dragon (Giddens, 2000). To some, the phenomenon is as old as the world itself just think of the great kingdoms of antiquity, the voyages of discovery, the great waves of migration in the 19th century, etc.. After the world wars, international institutions were created which were supposed to lead to global governance, a type of world government which would establish a new world order. However, the most recent wave of globalisation has swept over this like a deluge. As a result of increasing internationalisation in production and distribution networks, sovereign states are suddenly being downgraded to water-carriers of international big business. The laws of the free market are imposed upon them, for fear of being ignored by investors. Some institutions that were supposed to guarantee the creation of the new world order are themselves preaching deregulation and worldwide competition. In other words, in debates about globalisation, we are not usually talking about the globalisation trend in its generic sense (the increasing trend towards worldwide interdependence, driven by telecommunications). The model of globalisation that is so controversial that it has become the target of fierce demonstrations, is one that is coloured by neo-liberal ideology. It is the globalisation of the free market, driven by competition and the quest for profit. Both heads of the monster also refer to the knowledge society. In the first definition, the Internet and the media play a key role: ideas move at the speed of light around the world and ensure that every innovation that catches on also takes on worldwide proportions. This means that anyone who can master the Internet and the media is at the source and acquires power. In the second definition, the establishment of the global neo-liberal market economy, knowledge, IT and information play just as important a role. A great many services that do not require physical proximity (such as information processing, accounting, financial services, translation, etc.) can indeed be produced anywhere in the world and delivered to the other side of the globe. Moreover, markets are connected across the world so that information about production, prices, innovations, etc., is distributed over the Internet in the blink of an eye. This significantly increases the transparency of the markets and boosts co mpetition. Our leaders have also understood that our competitive advantage in the global market economy no longer rests on the possession of raw materials or manpower, but on our grey matter: knowledge. The Lisbon Strategy: knowledge as both competitive weapon and social cement? During the 2000 spring summit in Lisbon, EU leaders elevated the knowledge economy to the ultimate goal of the decade: making the EU into the largest and most dynamic knowledge economy in the world, with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion. The exegesis of this text is a fascinating activity. At first sight, one sentence contains the most obvious contradictions: on the one hand, the desire to be a winner in the global competitive struggle is clear while, on the other hand, we find the desire to counteract the social and regional polarisation that results from the neo-liberal market economy, using the same investments in knowledge. It seems to be a typically political sample compromise between heads of state on right and left, all wanting to put their eggs in the EU basket without checking whether their agendas are in any way reconcilable. The fact is that the Lisbon agenda can be taken in many different ways. For the marketeers, it is first and foremost about playing out comparative advantages on world markets. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theorems of international trade theory, free trade will spontaneously cause trading partners to specialise in producing those goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. Where necessary, the government may lend a helping hand. If we assume that Europe is relatively poor in raw materials and labour, but rich in brain power, then investing in education, research and development is indeed the recipe for success. Investment in RD has to be increased, up to 3% of gross domestic product. The innovative climate has to be nurtured, including by establishing innovation platforms, incubation centres, public investment in eco-technology, etc.. Information and communication technologies are key areas of economic development. The number of scientifically and technically educated people at secondary and higher levels must be dramatically increa sed. The connection between education and the labour market must be improved. The flow of unqualified school-leavers must be cut by half. Participation in life-long learning must be increased and every adult must have access to basic IT skills. By specialising in knowledge-intensive sectors according to the forecasts of neo-classical trade theory the European economy will grow further and the Third World will also benefit as a result because the flipside of the coin is that labour-intensive activities will be outsourced to low-wage countries. Both sides, North and South, can only benefit as a result. The World Bank looked and saw that it was good: according to the Bank, the new globalisers a group of 23 developing countries that have opened up their borders (China, India, Brazil and others) saw average economic growth in the 1990s (per head of population) of 5% per year. In the rich countries, where globalisation was promoted, this growth was 2% per year, while the stragglers, countries that sealed themselves off, experienced negative average growth (World Bank, 2002). At the same time, the OECD and the EU learned from research that the knowledge economy was once again to set them on the path of sustainable growth. Temple (2001) found that every additional year of education by the working population increases national income by about 10%. This effect can be broken down into a level effect and a growth effect: the former means that the working population is more productive and therefore generates more income. The growth effect can be attributed to the fact that the more highly e ducated have also learned to learn: even after leaving the classroom they continue to behave creatively and flexibly under changing circumstances, producing a snowball effect as a result. As far as investment in research and development is concerned, the figures are just as telling: Sakurai et al. (1996) estimate the average rate of return from RD activities at 15%, with exceptions up to 40-50% in some countries and sectors. In other words, every euro a company or government invests in RD is fully recovered in an average of 7 years. The observation that few investments are as profitable as investments in education and research is perhaps one of the most important findings to come out of social sciences in the past decade. The European Commission has also received this message loud and clear (de la Fuente Ciccone, 2002). So much for the good news. However, the way in which globalisation and the knowledge economy can be reconciled with social cohesion within the EU is not specified anywhere. Even the built-in pattern, that the global free market actually undermines social cohesion within Europe, is not discussed anywhere in EU documents. Indeed, the associated specialisation in knowledge-intensive sectors boosts the demand for highly specialised scientists and technically educated labour. The increasing shortages in these labour market segments will exert upward pressure on the wages of these workers. On the other hand, the outsourcing of low-skilled, labour-intensive production processes leads to reduced demand and a structural surplus of unskilled labour, which means that the wages and working conditions of these groups are also gradually undermined (Wood, 1994). Whether this polarisation on the labour market is caused by globalisation itself or by technological evolution or the tertiarisation of th e economy is more like a discussion of the gender of the angels: the three trends are after all dimensions of the same knowledge economy. Inequality in Europe, even in the whole of the rich North, has been systematically increasing since the mid-1980s (Fà ¶rster, 2000). According to Pontusson et al. (2002), some countries are still managing to curb inequality by a strong trade union movement and/or public employment, but these counteracting forces are coming under increasing pressure. The Lisbon strategy therefore seems like trying to square the circle. The more the member states encourage it, the less social cohesion there is. The EU does have structural funds available to promote social cohesion (both between regions and between the highly skilled and unskilled). Since the enlargement of the EU, however (itself also a stage in globalisation), these structural funds themselves have lost some of their influence because they have not grown in proportion to the size of the Union, certainly not in proportion to the drastically wider gap within the EU28. In our opinion, the only way to reconcile the knowledge economy with the objective of greater social cohesion and is through mass investment in education. The difference between this approach and the previous is that investment in education influences the supply side of the labour market, while globalisation and intensification of the knowledge-intensive production sectors influence the demand side. This difference is essential: perhaps it requires some explanation. RD investment and specialisation in knowledge-intensive trade (IT, financial services, pharmaceuticals, eco-technology, etc.), as we have said, boost the demand for highly skilled workers, while the outsourcing of unskilled production sectors causes a decline in the demand for unskilled workers. All other things being equal, this shift in the demand for labour causes a reverse redistribution of employment and income, from unqualified to highly qualified. Rather than stimulating this (spontaneous) trend, policy must be geared towards bringing about similar shifts on the supply side of the labour market. Education and vocational training are actually geared towards converting unskilled workers into more highly skilled workers: if this process can (at least) keep pace with the shifts on the demand side, inequality can be kept in check, or even reduced. It is a race against time and, if we claim that large-scale investment in education is needed, the distribution of this investment itsel f among the various sections of the population is also of great importance. The deeply ingrained Matthew effect in education and life-long learning actually threatens to undermine the effectiveness of this strategy. From a social perspective, the first priority in education policy is to eliminate the flow of unqualified school-leavers from education; the second priority is the literacy plan and the third is to increase the supply of engineers and those with scientific and technical skills. Not everyone will agree with this ranking. It is a question of social choice. The Lisbon strategy does not actually contradict this approach but nor does it lead automatically to the desired result. As we wrote in the introduction to this section, it seems like a sample compromise between diverging national priorities. Anything is possible with such compromises. We can characterise the contrasting policy alternatives described above as knowledge-intensive versus knowledge-extensive. The knowledge-intensive path, which gives priority to the development of advanced technology, will boost economic growth in the short term, but gradually become bogged down on the labour market, further dualisation of society and social unrest. The knowledge-extensive path, which gives preference to a raft of basic skills for as many people as possible, will perhaps deliver less visible results in the short term but, in the longer term, lead to more sustainable growth. The debate surrounding the correct mix has, to our knowledge, not yet been explicitly pursued. Free movement of education services The education sector is not only an involved party in the globalisation process; it is itself also partly the subject of it. In the 1990s, the WTO (World Trade Organization) launched an offensive (in the Uruguay round and again in 2001 in the Doha round) to involve a number of subsidised services in the negotiations about trade liberalisation as well. In principle, every service over which the government does not have a genuine monopoly can be discussed at the negotiating table. Education services are included here as soon as private organisers of education are admitted, even if they are 100% subsidised by the state. This is certainly the case in Belgium, given that the free education network alone is larger than the two official networks combined. International trade in education services can take various forms: from distance learning across national borders, international student or lecturer mobility, to the establishment of campuses abroad (Knight, 2002). Of course, it is up to the members themselves to decide, through free negotiations, whether they want to open up their education sectors to international competition. The EU commissioner for trade, who acts during the GATS negotiations on behalf of all EU member states, had given undertakings during the Uruguay round for privately financed education (in other words the commercial or at least unsubsidised education circuit). All compulsory education and most higher education therefore fall de facto outside the scope of GATS. Only entirely private schools and commercial initiatives in adult education were liberalised. What does this mean in practice? We are not used to talking about trade in educational services, even less about their liberalisation. After all, import tariffs are never charged Trade barriers do not, however, consist solely of import tariffs, but also of what are known as non-tariff obstacles (e.g. quota restrictions, quality standards, recognition procedures for fore ign qualifications, etc.). Once a party has opened up its borders, it must at least apply the general principles of GATS in this respect. Market access means that no quantitative barriers may be imposed, such as a ceiling of x foreign students or y branches of foreign schools. The most-favoured clause means that no privileges can be denied to one member if they are committed to another member of the WHO.  [1]  The principle of national treatment implies that, when there is free access to foreign service providers, no different standards or subsidy rules can be imposed on provisions of domestic or foreign origin. Furthermore, undertakings are irrevocable and WHO members hand over jurisdiction over any conflicts to a panel of international trade experts. The GATS initiative was not exactly welcomed with great enthusiasm. Its intentions were good: to increase prosperity by bringing burgeoning service sectors out of their national cocoons and to allow matching between demand and supply to take place across national borders. Liberalisation means diversification, greater freedom of choice, more efficiency and quality incentives and perhaps also less of a burden on the government budget. On the international stage, the major Anglo-Saxon countries were clearly in favour of the initiative. After all, they have had a strong comparative advantage right from the start because the working language of their education systems is the most important world language. E-courses, whether or not supported by specialist call centres, are very attractive as an export product because they are associated with huge economies of scale. However, the reception of foreign students can also be a lucrative business. For example, Australia is making big bucks with the tens of thousands of Asians attending university there. Even if this export education is partially subsidised, return effects can still be gained from other spending by foreign students and, if the best brains can then be retained in the host country, the picture is even more favourable. As importers, some major developing countries, led by China, can also make money from liberalisation. Thanks to the meteoric growth of its economy, the Chinese government cannot satisfy the increased demand for higher education. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese students begin their studies abroad every year, possibly with a grant from their government. Most of them come back with Western qualifications and join the countrys scientific and technological elite. The Chinese government saves on higher education because most migrants pay for their studies abroad themselves. In some cases, multinationals investing in China establish their own colleges to train suitable executives. By contrast, in the European education sector, liberalisation and commercialisation meet with great reticence, not entirely without justification (OKeeffe, 2003; Hanley and Frederiksson, 2003). Not for nothing do governments curb market effects in education because of the risk of market failure. A free, competitive market also requires homogenous goods (a nursing qualification in country A should have the same value as in country B); at the same time, all those involved must be well-informed about the quality and cost price of the goods. Power concentrations (e.g. of large universities or associations) are out of the question, etc.. None of these conditions for healthy competition is truly fulfilled. Education is a very complex, opaque market. If all this applies to domestic provisions, how much more then to foreign provisions? Will liberalisation not lead automatically to privatisation and price increases? Does globalisation of the education sector not open the door to the suppressi on of national culture? It is not actually clear to what extent all these objections are founded. It is a fact that the EU pursues a somewhat ambiguous strategy in this area. It portrays itself to the outside world as the defender of a regulated, protected education sector but, internally, despite its subsidiary role regarding education, it promotes liberalisation by all means available. The Bologna process and the Copenhagen process should create a European educational space for higher and vocational education respectively, in which supply and demand can move freely. Harmonisation of structures, recognition of qualifications obtained elsewhere and the development of a uniform, transparent European Qualification Framework should help to enable EU citizens to brush up or refine their skills in other member states. Erasmus grants should boost student mobility and, last but not least, the EU services directive (the infamous Bolkestein directive) has led to the free movement of educational services within the E U, which that same EU is fighting at the GATS negotiating table. So what effects should we expect? To begin with, remember that compulsory education is also not subject to the services directive or the GATS rules, so that a great deal of movement should not be expected at this level. Secondly, higher education will also remain largely subsidised in the future. Free movement in this sector will perhaps lead to a downwards levelling off of subsidies (or an upwards levelling off of registration fees). After all, in an open educational space, a member state cannot allow itself to offer cheaper education than its neighbouring countries for very long. In the long term, thousands of students from other member states could benefit from this transnational generosity. After all, different prices cannot be charged to EU students and to domestic students. In higher and adult education, an increased registration fee is not actually undemocratic: it counteracts the misplaced redistribution currently ravaging these segments because the better-off make disproport ionately more use of education which is partly funded by less well-off taxpayers. The democratisation of higher and adult education is not threatened if increased registration fees are coupled with higher study grants. The creation of a more transparent, uniform European educational space can, we believe, only be regarded as a positive phenomenon. It is the task of the government, where the market fails, to ensure that the educational supply is more transparent. This allows the user to choose more freely. The competition between provisions is also heightened as a result, which should lead to better quality and/or lower cost price. Nonetheless, the impending commercialisation of higher education may also have detrimental effects: in this context, education is gradually reduced to its most utilitarian dimension. As the student himself finances a larger share of the cost of education, he will also be more likely to choose the more lucrative studies. In particular, humanities and cultural sciences could come under pressure as a result. If society attaches importance to an adequate balance between courses of study, it will also have to build in the required incentives for this (e.g. by differentiated registration fees). Another risk the intensification of the brain drain is covered in the final section of our paper. Last but not least, at international level, the risks of any forms of market forces in education are of course present, specifically increasing polarisation in quality and prestige among educational establishments. The Cambridges, Paris VIs, Munichs and Stockholms are undoubtedly becoming even more of a major draw within a unified European higher education space. It will not be long before they increase their registration fees and tighten up their entry conditions in order to cream off the European elite. Regional colleges, by contrast, will see a weakening of the target audience as a result of the same mechanisms. If access to higher education (and, even more so, adult education) is to remain democratic, European directives will also have to be enacted, as was also necessary for the liberalisation of other public welfare services. For example, Flemish higher education is already feeling the consequences of entry restrictions in the Netherlands. The question is whether this will be s ustainable in a context where international student mobility is on the increase. On the whole, the free movement of educational services does not look as scary as many make it out to be. It is important that a distinction be made between compulsory education, on the one hand, which belongs to the field of basic social rights, and further education and training on the other hand. In these latter segments, partial commercialisation should not automatically lead to social breakdown. It can even contribute to a more balanced financing mix, which is necessary to cope with the growing participation trend in the future. EU legislation will still have to ensure the required limit conditions to prevent negative social side effects. Education and Third World development In the above sections, we have largely confined ourselves to the European perspective. What do education and the knowledge society mean for the Third World? Curiously enough, the theory regarding the social role of education in the development literature is much richer and more subtle than in Western education literature. Whereas the Chicago economist Becker (1964) labelled education as an individual investment in human capital, with a financial return in terms of future income, the Bengali Sen (Sen, 1999) teaches us that education can also be regarded more broadly as an investment in capabilities which subsequently enable higher levels of functioning to be attained at the levels of health, family life, social participation, etc.. Empirical research underpins this position and demonstrates that a higher level of education also leads to better nutrition, health (e.g. AIDS prevention), housing, sex education, etc. (MacMahon, 1999; Saito, 2003). Moreover, investment in education generates many spill-over effects on the wider society. People learn from one another. Education also has a positive influence on security (prevention of high-risk and delinquent behaviour), social commitment, civil responsibility and the quality of democratic decisions. Research increasingly points to the role of education in the development of social capital (de la Fuente and Ciccone, 2002). These positive social effects are most clear in the context of gender-specific anti-poverty programmes. For instance, more education for women is associated with better family planning and better nutrition, health and training for children (for a summary of the results, see Behrman, 1997). In order to break through the vicious circle of poverty and disease, education and training programmes for girls and women are essential. In this context, UNICEF talks correctly of the multiplier effect of education for girls (UNICEF, 2004). These positive external effects ar e an additional reason for government intervention in education and training. Sufficient evidence exists that educational investment in developing countries produces a higher return than in developed countries (Psacharopoulos and Patrinos, 2004). This difference is a direct indication of the need for education in the acquisition of basic skills. In addition, Behrman (1997) points out that, as far as subsequent educational investments in their children are concerned, basic education or basic literacy for women is more important than achieving higher levels of education. Sen (2002) also emphasises the role of basic education and the role which this plays in increasing the required human security and further human and social development. Cost-benefit analyses have demonstrated that investments in pre-school education and basic education have a higher rate of return than spending on secondary and higher education particularly in developing countries (Psacharopoulos and Patrinos, 2004; Cunha et al., 2006). In multilateral development cooperation, these findings have been well received. At the World Conference in Jomtien (Thailand), in 1990, the Education For All (EFA) initiative was launched under the auspices of UNESCO. All parties agreed with the position that universal, compulsory, free, public and good-quality basic education is the cornerstone of an education strategy which also includes secondary, further, vocational and adult education. During the international Education Conference in Dakar (2000), the importance of education for all was again underlined and 6 objectives were formulated, two of which were later adopted as millennium objectives (completion of basic education by all young people and equal educational opportunities for girls and boys at all levels by 2015). The key target groups of the EFA campaign are the 80 million children who have never been to school and the 800 million illiterate adults in the world. Every developing country participating in EFA draws up a na tional education action plan that fits in with the national poverty reduction strategy (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) and gives priority to basic education. This action plan is tested on all relevant social actors. A set of indicators is envisaged which can be used to test effective implementation. Monitoring and evaluation are entrusted to one single financier by the international community, per receiving country. In an attempt to accelerate the EFA train further, in 2002 the Fast Track Initiative (FTI) was launched, encouraged by the World Bank, which both international financial backers and receiving countries can join on a voluntary basis. In addition to endorsing the EFA principles, donors are asked for an additional commitment to long-term financing and receiving governments are asked to commit to transparent evaluation. The least that can be said about EFA and FTI is that they have the wind in their sails. Participation and invested resources are rising phenomenally. Since 2000, official development help for education worldwide has more than doubled. Nonetheless, the challenges are still considerable: the major enemies of education are poverty (and, associated with this, child labour), war, the debt burden, migration, mismanagement and disease. In crisis regions, education simply grinds to a halt. In some countries, the ravages of AIDS on teaching staff are so severe that it is barely possible to replace sick and deceased teachersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In addition, it has to be said that the interests of financial backers and receiving countries, even if both groups have noble objectives, do not always coincide. The governments of developing countries are happy to make use of international support so that they can spend some of their own budgets on other priorities. On the other hand, the leading role of the World Bank in the FTI is not totally altruistic. One of the conditions for support, specifically, is that the national EFA action plans be linked to poverty reduction plans (PRSP): the latter are the World Banks key aid instruments. This means that multilateral educational aid serves as a lever to reinforce the influence of the World Bank on its customers. It is known that this external pressure is not always popular. Along with development aid, pro-globalist, liberal policy ideas are also dished out to receiving countries. In the past, for example, they were often obliged to reduce their import tariffs or food subsidies, which hit farmers and consumers particularly hard. Brain drain One of the reasons why the return on higher education in developing countries is relatively low has to do with the brain drain from developing countries to the rich North a phenomenon that does not exactly mesh with the predictions of international trade theory. In the first section of our paper, we referred to the theory of comparative advantages: every country will specialise in exporting goods and services for which the production factors are present in relative excess. Robert Mundell (1957) demonstrated that the international mobility of production factors can be regarded as a substitute for trade in goods, and with the same effect. In specific terms, this would mean that if developing countries have a surplus of unskilled labour and rich countries relatively large numbers of highly skilled people, we would expect a South-North migration of unskilled workers and a North-South migration of highly skilled workers. In both cases, migrants are attracted by the fact that, in the host country, they are relatively better paid than in their own countries because they are relatively scarcer there. In reality, the dominant pattern is a South-North migration of both unskilled and highly skilled workers. In 2005, around 4 million legal migrants (and an unknown number of illegals) flooded into the rich OECD countries (OECD, 2007). These figures do not include temporary migration. Upon closer inspection, the contradiction between theory and practice can be explained by a series of factors, of which we highlight only the most important. Firstly, the rich North dominates the world economy to such an extent that it also depresses demand for highly skilled people in the Third World. Secondly, governments in the North do not pursue a liberal policy when it comes to immigration. When push comes to shove, they place restraints on the laws of neo-classical trade theory, erect barriers to unskilled immigrants and are even actively recruiting the more highly skilled workers to fill existing bo